基本语法 · Kotlin 官方文档 中文版

基本语法 · Kotlin 官方文档 中文版

基本语法

这是一组基本语法元素及示例。在每段的末尾都有一个指向相关主题详述的链接。

也可以通过 JetBrains 学院的免费 Kotlin 核心课程学习所有

Kotlin 要领。

包的定义与导入

包的声明应处于源文件顶部:

package my.demo

import kotlin.text.*

// ……

目录与包的结构无需匹配:源代码可以在文件系统的任意位置。

参见包。

程序入口点

Kotlin 应用程序的入口点是 main 函数:

fun main() {

println("Hello world!")

}

main 的另一种形式接受可变数量的 String 参数:

fun main(args: Array) {

println(args.contentToString())

}

输出打到标准输出

print 将其参数打到标准输出:

fun main() {

//sampleStart

print("Hello ")

print("world!")

//sampleEnd

}

println 输出其参数并添加换行符,以便接下来输出的内容出现在下一行:

fun main() {

//sampleStart

println("Hello world!")

println(42)

//sampleEnd

}

Read from the standard input

The readln() function reads from the standard input. This function reads the entire line the user enters as a string.

You can use the println(), readln(), and print() functions together to print messages requesting

and showing user input:

// Prints a message to request input

println("Enter any word: ")

// Reads and stores the user input. For example: Happiness

val yourWord = readln()

// Prints a message with the input

print("You entered the word: ")

print(yourWord)

// You entered the word: Happiness

For more information, see Read standard input.

函数

带有两个 Int 参数、返回 Int 的函数:

//sampleStart

fun sum(a: Int, b: Int): Int {

return a + b

}

//sampleEnd

fun main() {

print("sum of 3 and 5 is ")

println(sum(3, 5))

}

函数体可以是表达式。其返回类型可以推断出来:

//sampleStart

fun sum(a: Int, b: Int) = a + b

//sampleEnd

fun main() {

println("sum of 19 and 23 is ${sum(19, 23)}")

}

返回无意义的值的函数:

//sampleStart

fun printSum(a: Int, b: Int): Unit {

println("sum of $a and $b is ${a + b}")

}

//sampleEnd

fun main() {

printSum(-1, 8)

}

Unit 返回类型可以省略:

//sampleStart

fun printSum(a: Int, b: Int) {

println("sum of $a and $b is ${a + b}")

}

//sampleEnd

fun main() {

printSum(-1, 8)

}

参见函数。

变量

In Kotlin, you declare a variable starting with a keyword, val or var, followed by the name of the variable.

Use the val keyword to declare variables that are assigned a value only once. These are immutable, read-only local variables that can’t be reassigned a different value

after initialization:

fun main() {

//sampleStart

// Declares the variable x and initializes it with the value of 5

val x: Int = 5

// 5

//sampleEnd

println(x)

}

Use the var keyword to declare variables that can be reassigned. These are mutable variables, and you can change their values after initialization:

fun main() {

//sampleStart

// Declares the variable x and initializes it with the value of 5

var x: Int = 5

// Reassigns a new value of 6 to the variable x

x += 1

// 6

//sampleEnd

println(x)

}

Kotlin supports type inference and automatically identifies the data type of a declared variable. When declaring a variable, you can omit the type after the variable name:

fun main() {

//sampleStart

// Declares the variable x with the value of 5;`Int` type is inferred

val x = 5

// 5

//sampleEnd

println(x)

}

You can use variables only after initializing them. You can either initialize a variable at the moment of declaration or declare a variable first and initialize it later.

In the second case, you must specify the data type:

fun main() {

//sampleStart

// Initializes the variable x at the moment of declaration; type is not required

val x = 5

// Declares the variable c without initialization; type is required

val c: Int

// Initializes the variable c after declaration

c = 3

// 5

// 3

//sampleEnd

println(x)

println(c)

}

可以在顶层声明变量:

//sampleStart

val PI = 3.14

var x = 0

fun incrementX() {

x += 1

}

// x = 0; PI = 3.14

// incrementX()

// x = 1; PI = 3.14

//sampleEnd

fun main() {

println("x = $x; PI = $PI")

incrementX()

println("incrementX()")

println("x = $x; PI = $PI")

}

For information about declaring properties, see Properties.

创建类与实例

使用 class 关键字定义类:

class Shape

类的属性可以在其声明或主体中列出:

class Rectangle(val height: Double, val length: Double) {

val perimeter = (height + length) * 2

}

具有类声明中所列参数的默认构造函数会自动可用:

class Rectangle(val height: Double, val length: Double) {

val perimeter = (height + length) * 2

}

fun main() {

val rectangle = Rectangle(5.0, 2.0)

println("The perimeter is ${rectangle.perimeter}")

}

类之间继承由冒号(:)声明。默认情况下类都是 final 的;如需让一个类可继承,

请将其标记为 open:

open class Shape

class Rectangle(val height: Double, val length: Double): Shape() {

val perimeter = (height + length) * 2

}

For more information about constructors and inheritance, see Classes and Objects and instances.

注释

与大多数现代语言一样,Kotlin 支持单行(或行末)与多行(块)注释:

// 这是一个行注释

/* 这是一个多行的

块注释。 */

Kotlin 中的块注释可以嵌套:

/* 注释从这里开始

/* 包含嵌套的注释 */

并且在这里结束。 */

参见编写 Kotlin 代码文档 查看关于文档注释语法的信息。

字符串模板

fun main() {

//sampleStart

var a = 1

// 模板中的简单名称:

val s1 = "a is $a"

a = 2

// 模板中的任意表达式:

val s2 = "${s1.replace("is", "was")}, but now is $a"

//sampleEnd

println(s2)

}

参见字符串模板。

条件表达式

//sampleStart

fun maxOf(a: Int, b: Int): Int {

if (a > b) {

return a

} else {

return b

}

}

//sampleEnd

fun main() {

println("max of 0 and 42 is ${maxOf(0, 42)}")

}

在 Kotlin 中,if 也可以用作表达式:

//sampleStart

fun maxOf(a: Int, b: Int) = if (a > b) a else b

//sampleEnd

fun main() {

println("max of 0 and 42 is ${maxOf(0, 42)}")

}

参见if 表达式。

for 循环

fun main() {

//sampleStart

val items = listOf("apple", "banana", "kiwifruit")

for (item in items) {

println(item)

}

//sampleEnd

}

或者:

fun main() {

//sampleStart

val items = listOf("apple", "banana", "kiwifruit")

for (index in items.indices) {

println("item at $index is ${items[index]}")

}

//sampleEnd

}

参见 for 循环。

while 循环

fun main() {

//sampleStart

val items = listOf("apple", "banana", "kiwifruit")

var index = 0

while (index < items.size) {

println("item at $index is ${items[index]}")

index++

}

//sampleEnd

}

参见 while 循环。

when 表达式

//sampleStart

fun describe(obj: Any): String =

when (obj) {

1 -> "One"

"Hello" -> "Greeting"

is Long -> "Long"

!is String -> "Not a string"

else -> "Unknown"

}

//sampleEnd

fun main() {

println(describe(1))

println(describe("Hello"))

println(describe(1000L))

println(describe(2))

println(describe("other"))

}

See when expressions and statements.

使用区间(range)

使用 in 操作符来检测某个数字是否在指定区间内:

fun main() {

//sampleStart

val x = 10

val y = 9

if (x in 1..y+1) {

println("fits in range")

}

//sampleEnd

}

检测某个数字是否在指定区间外:

fun main() {

//sampleStart

val list = listOf("a", "b", "c")

if (-1 !in 0..list.lastIndex) {

println("-1 is out of range")

}

if (list.size !in list.indices) {

println("list size is out of valid list indices range, too")

}

//sampleEnd

}

区间迭代:

fun main() {

//sampleStart

for (x in 1..5) {

print(x)

}

//sampleEnd

}

或数列迭代:

fun main() {

//sampleStart

for (x in 1..10 step 2) {

print(x)

}

println()

for (x in 9 downTo 0 step 3) {

print(x)

}

//sampleEnd

}

参见区间与数列。

集合

对集合进行迭代:

fun main() {

val items = listOf("apple", "banana", "kiwifruit")

//sampleStart

for (item in items) {

println(item)

}

//sampleEnd

}

使用 in 操作符来判断集合内是否包含某实例:

fun main() {

val items = setOf("apple", "banana", "kiwifruit")

//sampleStart

when {

"orange" in items -> println("juicy")

"apple" in items -> println("apple is fine too")

}

//sampleEnd

}

使用 lambda 表达式来过滤(filter)与映射(map)集合:

fun main() {

//sampleStart

val fruits = listOf("banana", "avocado", "apple", "kiwifruit")

fruits

.filter { it.startsWith("a") }

.sortedBy { it }

.map { it.uppercase() }

.forEach { println(it) }

//sampleEnd

}

参见集合概述。

空值与空检测

当可能用 null 值时,必须将引用显式标记为可空。可空类型名称以问号(?)结尾。

如果 str 的内容不是数字返回 null:

fun parseInt(str: String): Int? {

// ……

}

使用返回可空值的函数:

fun parseInt(str: String): Int? {

return str.toIntOrNull()

}

//sampleStart

fun printProduct(arg1: String, arg2: String) {

val x = parseInt(arg1)

val y = parseInt(arg2)

// 直接使用 `x * y` 会导致编译错误,因为它们可能为 null

if (x != null && y != null) {

// 在空检测后,x 与 y 会自动转换为非空值(non-nullable)

println(x * y)

}

else {

println("'$arg1' or '$arg2' is not a number")

}

}

//sampleEnd

fun main() {

printProduct("6", "7")

printProduct("a", "7")

printProduct("a", "b")

}

或者:

fun parseInt(str: String): Int? {

return str.toIntOrNull()

}

fun printProduct(arg1: String, arg2: String) {

val x = parseInt(arg1)

val y = parseInt(arg2)

//sampleStart

// ……

if (x == null) {

println("Wrong number format in arg1: '$arg1'")

return

}

if (y == null) {

println("Wrong number format in arg2: '$arg2'")

return

}

// 在空检测后,x 与 y 会自动转换为非空值

println(x * y)

//sampleEnd

}

fun main() {

printProduct("6", "7")

printProduct("a", "7")

printProduct("99", "b")

}

参见空安全。

类型检测与自动类型转换

is 操作符检测一个表达式是否某类型的一个实例。

如果一个不可变的局部变量或属性已经判断出为某类型,那么检测后的分支中可以直接当作该类型使用,无需显式转换:

//sampleStart

fun getStringLength(obj: Any): Int? {

if (obj is String) {

// `obj` 在该条件分支内自动转换成 `String`

return obj.length

}

// 在离开类型检测分支后,`obj` 仍然是 `Any` 类型

return null

}

//sampleEnd

fun main() {

fun printLength(obj: Any) {

println("Getting the length of '$obj'. Result: ${getStringLength(obj) ?: "Error: The object is not a string"} ")

}

printLength("Incomprehensibilities")

printLength(1000)

printLength(listOf(Any()))

}

或者:

//sampleStart

fun getStringLength(obj: Any): Int? {

if (obj !is String) return null

// `obj` 在这一分支自动转换为 `String`

return obj.length

}

//sampleEnd

fun main() {

fun printLength(obj: Any) {

println("Getting the length of '$obj'. Result: ${getStringLength(obj) ?: "Error: The object is not a string"} ")

}

printLength("Incomprehensibilities")

printLength(1000)

printLength(listOf(Any()))

}

甚至:

//sampleStart

fun getStringLength(obj: Any): Int? {

// `obj` 在 `&&` 右边自动转换成 `String` 类型

if (obj is String && obj.length > 0) {

return obj.length

}

return null

}

//sampleEnd

fun main() {

fun printLength(obj: Any) {

println("Getting the length of '$obj'. Result: ${getStringLength(obj) ?: "Error: The object is not a string"} ")

}

printLength("Incomprehensibilities")

printLength("")

printLength(1000)

}

参见类以及类型转换。

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